host 主机 SAGE Semi-Automatic Ground Environment 半自动地面防空警备系统[装置] ARPA Advanced Research Projects Agency 远景研究规划局([美]USDOD); ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)ARPA 计算机网 (美国国防 部高级研究计划局建立的计算机网。这个国际网允许其成员使用其设备并对大批不同的计 算机存取数据) IMP Interface Message Processor 接口信息处理机; TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,传输控制(协议)/网间[际]协议(实为IP,TCP,UDP,ARP,FTP,TFTP,RARP和I CMP的集称) ISO 国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization) OSI Open System Interconnect Reference Model, 开放式系统互联参考模型 ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network, 综合服务数字网 ATM Asynchronous Transmission Mode,【信】异步传输方[模]式; NII <美> 国家信息架构(National Information Infrastructure) HPCCI High Performance Computing and Communication Program Initiative 高 性能计算与通信计划 CHINAPAC 中国公用分组交换网 CHINANET 中国公用计算机互联网 Cluster 机群 OLTP online transaction processing system 联机事务处理系统 MIS management information system 管理信息系统 OA office automation 办工自动化 DSS decision support system 决策支持系统 IRS information retrieve system 信息检索系统 DCS distributed control system 分布式控制系统 DPS data processing system 业务数据处理系统 EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换 CIMS computer integrated manufacturing system 计算机集成制造系统 LAN local area network 局域网 MAN metropolitan area network 城域网 WAN wide area network 广域网 channel 通道信道 CN communication node 通信节点 ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟 1956-1993名为CCITT(International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee) 国际电话与电报顾问委员会 ITU-T 电信标准化分部 IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers 电气和电子工程师学 会[美] IAB Internet Architectrue Board , Internet架构委员会 ISOC Internet Society 意为Internet协会 一个Internet的国际民间组织 NIC Network Information Center 网络信息中心 RFC Request For Comments, 请求注解, Internet标准(草案) Protocol 规程 HDLC High Level Data Link Control 高级数据链路控制 packet n.报文分组,小包 routing 路由选择 datagram 数据报 virtual circuit 虚电路 session layer 会话层 presentation layer 表示层 sockets 套接字 prot 端口 TSAP Transport Service Access Point,【OSI】传输服务程序访问点(存取点) UNIX ['ju(:)niks] LINUX 看口型,发音是['lin∧ks].如果你读['linju(:)ks]也没人会笑话你 这个词 去蓝森林 那里有录音材料 见仁见智的事 看你自己是否在意了。 Novell 美国Novell公司,以开发网络产品著称 Netware Novell公司出的网络操作系统
ISO:International Standard Organization,国际标准化组织。ISO于1987年推出有关质量管理和质量保证的ISO 9000系列国际标准,于1994年又发布了经过修订的标准。其中,构成ISO 9000系列标准的主要标准分别是:1.ISO 9000-1:1994《质量管理和质量保证标准—第一部分:选择和使用指南》。2.ISO 9001:1994《质量体系—设计、开发、生产、安装和服务的质量保证模式》。3.ISO 9002:1994《质量体系—最终检验和试验的质量保证模式》。
3DS或3D Studio: Three Dimension Studio,三维摄影室。是美国Autodesk公司推出的一套多功能三维动画软件,集实体造型、静态着色和动画创作于一体,极大地普及了三维造型技术。它能够与AutoCAD进行图形信息交换,利用扫描仪输入图形,通过VGA与电视转换接口将动画输出至电视或录像带。
OCR:Optical Character Recognition(光学字符识别)的缩写,是指将文字材料通过扫描仪输入作为计算机图像文件,通过软件识别为中文或英文内码,然后进行文字处理。由于手写体的随意性太大,目前OCR主要限于印刷文字的识别。目前代表中文OCR识别准确率最高水平的是清华文通公司出品的TH-OCR NT for Windows。
SCSI:Small Computer System Interface,小型计算机系统接口,它是为解决众多的外部设备与计算机之间的连接问题而出现的。
OEM:Original Equipment Manufacturer,原始设备制造商。
Microsoft OEM: 微软OEM产品。它是指预安装在微机上的软件操作系统,包括Windows98、Windows NT、WorkStation、Windows3.X、MS-DOS。
MIS:Management Information System,管理信息系统。它广泛地应用于各行各业,国内最有名的管理信息系统有“王特MIS”、“雅奇MIS”、“Quick MIS”。
PNP:Plug and Play,即插即用,它是Window98的一个重要技术特性。所谓即插即用是指将符合PNP标准的PC插卡等外围设备安装到电脑时,操作系统自动设定系统结构的技术。这就是说,当用户安装新的硬件时,不必再设置任何跳线器开关,也不必用软件配置中断请求(IRQ)、内存地址或直接存储器存取(DMA)通道,Windows98会向应用程序通知硬件设备的新变化,并会自动协调IRQ、内存地址和DMA通道之间的冲突。
OLE:Object Linking and Embedding,对象连接与嵌入,简称OLE技术。OLE不仅是桌面应用程序集成,而且还定义和实现了一种允许应用程序作为软件“对象”(数据集合和操作数据的函数)彼此进行“连接”的机制,这种连接机制和协议称为部件对象模型(Component Object Model),简称COM。OLE可以用来创建复合文档,复合文档包含了创建于不同源应用程序,有着不同类型的数据,因此它可以把文字、声音、图像、表格等组合在一起。
MIDI:Musical Instrument Digital Interface,乐器数字接口。它是多媒体的基本术语之一,MIDI文件是用电子乐器如:电子琴、吉它、萨克斯等演奏并录制下来的,它能在大多数的多媒体计算机声音卡上播放,即使不去创建自己的MIDI文件,也可以使用现有的MIDI文件,作为多媒体演示的背景音乐。MIDI文件储存的只是对声音的描述,依靠声音卡的合成器(FM或者波形表)来产生人们想听的真实声音。
Software is the general term for information that's recorded onto some kind of medium. For example, when you go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD, what you're really getting is the software that's stored on that tape or disk. Your VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that are capable of reading the software from a tape or disk and projecting it onto your TV screen, in the form of a movie.
Your computer is a hardware device that reads software too. Most of the software on your computer comes in the form of programs. A program consists of "instructions" that tell the computer what to do, how to behave. Just as there are thousands of albums you can buy on CD for your stereo, and thousands of movies you can buy to play on your VCR or DVD player, there are thousands of programs that you can buy to run on your computer.
When you buy a computer, you don't automatically get every program produced by every software company in the world. You usually get some programs. For example, when you buy a computer it will probably have an operating system (like Windows XP) already installed on it.
If you do purchase a specific program, it would be to perform some specific task. For example, you might use a graphics program to touch up photos, or you might use a word processing program to write text. You're using your Web browser program right now to read this text (assuming you're not reading a printed copy on paper). Just as there are umpteen different brands of toothpaste, there are umpteen different brands of word processing programs, graphics programs, and Web browsers.
For example, all graphics programs are designed to help you work with pictures. But there are many brands of graphics programs out there, including Adobe Photoshop, Jasc Paint Shop Pro. Adobe Illustrator, Arcsoft PhotoStudio, Corel Draw, ULead PhotoImpact, PrintShop Photo, and Macromedia Freehand, just to name a few. As to Web browsers, popular brands include Microsoft Internet Explorer, MSN Explorer, Netscape Navigator, America Online, and a few others.
When you purchase a program, you get the program stored on a CD as in the example shown at left. You may not have seen any boxes containing software when you bought your computer. That's because the software that came with your computer has been pre-installed onto your computer's hard disk for you. You don't need to use the CD to run a program that's already installed on your computer. You only need to keep the CDs as backups, in case something goes wrong with your hard disk and you need to re-