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数据结构是计算机科学必须掌握的一门学问，之前很多的教材都是用C语言实现链表，因为c有指针，可以很方便的控制内存，很方便就实现链表，其他的语言，则没那么方便，有很多都是用模拟链表，不过这次，我不是用模拟链表来实现，因为python是动态语言，可以直接把对象赋值给新的变量。
好了，在说我用python实现前，先简单说说链表吧。在我们存储一大波数据时，我们很多时候是使用数组，但是当我们执行插入操作的时候就是非常麻烦，看下面的例子，有一堆数据1,2,3,5,6,7我们要在3和5之间插入4,如果用数组，我们会怎么做？当然是将5之后的数据往后退一位，然后再插入4,这样非常麻烦，但是如果用链表，我就直接在3和5之间插入4就行，听着就很方便。
那么链表的结构是怎么样的呢？顾名思义，链表当然像锁链一样，由一节节节点连在一起，组成一条数据链。
链表的节点的结构如下：
data为自定义的数据，next为下一个节点的地址。
链表的结构为，head保存首位节点的地址：
接下来我们来用python实现链表
python实现链表
首先，定义节点类Node：
class Node:
'''
data: 节点保存的数据
_next: 保存下一个节点对象
'''
def __init__(self, data, pnext=None):
self.data = data
self._next = pnext
def __repr__(self):
'''
用来定义Node的字符输出，
print为输出data
'''
return str(self.data)
然后，定义链表类：
链表要包括：
属性：
链表头：head
链表长度：length
方法：
判断是否为空: isEmpty()
def isEmpty(self): return (self.length == 0
增加一个节点(在链表尾添加): append()
def append(self, dataOrNode):
item = None
if isinstance(dataOrNode, Node):
item = dataOrNode
else:
item = Node(dataOrNode)
if not self.head:
self.head = item
self.length += 1
else:
node = self.head
while node._next:
node = node._next
node._next = item
self.length += 1
删除一个节点: delete()
#删除一个节点之后记得要把链表长度减一
def delete(self, index):
if self.isEmpty():
print "this chain table is empty."
return
if index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print 'error: out of index'
return
#要注意删除第一个节点的情况
#如果有空的头节点就不用这样
#但是我不喜欢弄头节点
if index == 0:
self.head = self.head._next
self.length -= 1
return
#prev为保存前导节点
#node为保存当前节点
#当j与index相等时就
#相当于找到要删除的节点
j = 0
node = self.head
prev = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
prev = node
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == index:
prev._next = node._next
self.length -= 1
修改一个节点: update()
def update(self, index, data):
if self.isEmpty() or index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print 'error: out of index'
return
j = 0
node = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == index:
node.data = data
查找一个节点: getItem()
def getItem(self, index):
if self.isEmpty() or index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print "error: out of index"
return
j = 0
node = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
node = node._next
j += 1
return node.data
查找一个节点的索引: getIndex()
def getIndex(self, data):
j = 0
if self.isEmpty():
print "this chain table is empty"
return
node = self.head
while node:
if node.data == data:
return j
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == self.length:
print "%s not found" % str(data)
return
插入一个节点: insert()
def insert(self, index, dataOrNode):
if self.isEmpty():
print "this chain tabale is empty"
return
if index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print "error: out of index"
return
item = None
if isinstance(dataOrNode, Node):
item = dataOrNode
else:
item = Node(dataOrNode)
if index == 0:
item._next = self.head
self.head = item
self.length += 1
return
j = 0
node = self.head
prev = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
prev = node
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == index:
item._next = node
prev._next = item
self.length += 1
清空链表: clear()
def clear(self): self.head = None self.length = 0
以上就是链表类的要实现的方法。
执行的结果：
接下来是完整代码：
# -*- coding:utf8 -*-
#/usr/bin/env python
class Node(object):
def __init__(self, data, pnext = None):
self.data = data
self._next = pnext
def __repr__(self):
return str(self.data)
class ChainTable(object):
def __init__(self):
self.head = None
self.length = 0
def isEmpty(self):
return (self.length == 0)
def append(self, dataOrNode):
item = None
if isinstance(dataOrNode, Node):
item = dataOrNode
else:
item = Node(dataOrNode)
if not self.head:
self.head = item
self.length += 1
else:
node = self.head
while node._next:
node = node._next
node._next = item
self.length += 1
def delete(self, index):
if self.isEmpty():
print "this chain table is empty."
return
if index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print 'error: out of index'
return
if index == 0:
self.head = self.head._next
self.length -= 1
return
j = 0
node = self.head
prev = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
prev = node
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == index:
prev._next = node._next
self.length -= 1
def insert(self, index, dataOrNode):
if self.isEmpty():
print "this chain tabale is empty"
return
if index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print "error: out of index"
return
item = None
if isinstance(dataOrNode, Node):
item = dataOrNode
else:
item = Node(dataOrNode)
if index == 0:
item._next = self.head
self.head = item
self.length += 1
return
j = 0
node = self.head
prev = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
prev = node
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == index:
item._next = node
prev._next = item
self.length += 1
def update(self, index, data):
if self.isEmpty() or index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print 'error: out of index'
return
j = 0
node = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == index:
node.data = data
def getItem(self, index):
if self.isEmpty() or index < 0 or index >= self.length:
print "error: out of index"
return
j = 0
node = self.head
while node._next and j < index:
node = node._next
j += 1
return node.data
def getIndex(self, data):
j = 0
if self.isEmpty():
print "this chain table is empty"
return
node = self.head
while node:
if node.data == data:
return j
node = node._next
j += 1
if j == self.length:
print "%s not found" % str(data)
return
def clear(self):
self.head = None
self.length = 0
def __repr__(self):
if self.isEmpty():
return "empty chain table"
node = self.head
nlist = ''
while node:
nlist += str(node.data) + ' '
node = node._next
return nlist
def __getitem__(self, ind):
if self.isEmpty() or ind < 0 or ind >= self.length:
print "error: out of index"
return
return self.getItem(ind)
def __setitem__(self, ind, val):
if self.isEmpty() or ind < 0 or ind >= self.length:
print "error: out of index"
return
self.update(ind, val)
def __len__(self):
return self.length