Django + Uwsgi + Nginx 如何实现生产环境部署的方法

如何在生产上部署Django?

Django的部署可以有很多方式，采用nginx+uwsgi的方式是其中比较常见的一种方式。

uwsgi介绍

uWSGI是一个Web服务器，它实现了WSGI协议、uwsgi、http等协议。Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是与uWSGI服务器进行交换。

要注意 WSGI / uwsgi / uWSGI 这三个概念的区分。
1.WSGI是一种Web服务器网关接口。它是一个Web服务器（如nginx，uWSGI等服务器）与web应用（如用Flask框架写的程序）通信的一种规范。
2.uwsgi是一种线路协议而不是通信协议，在此常用于在uWSGI服务器与其他网络服务器的数据通信。
3.而uWSGI是实现了uwsgi和WSGI两种协议的Web服务器。
4.uwsgi协议是一个uWSGI服务器自有的协议，它用于定义传输信息的类型（type of information），每一个uwsgi packet前4byte为传输信息类型描述，它与WSGI相比是两样东西。

uwsgi性能非常高

uWSGI的主要特点如下
1.超快的性能
2.低内存占用（实测为apache2的mod_wsgi的一半左右）
3.多app管理（终于不用冥思苦想下个app用哪个端口比较好了-.-）
4.详尽的日志功能（可以用来分析app性能和瓶颈）
5.高度可定制（内存大小限制，服务一定次数后重启等）

总而言之uwgi是个部署用的好东东，正如uWSGI作者所吹嘘的：

If you are searching for a simple wsgi-only server, uWSGI is not for you, but if you are building a real (production-ready) app that need to be rock-solid, fast and easy to distribute/optimize for various load-average, you will pathetically and morbidly fall in love (we hope) with uWSGI.

Uwsgi 安装使用

# Install the latest stable release:

pip install uwsgi

# ... or if you want to install the latest LTS (long term support) release,

pip install https://projects.unbit.it/downloads/uwsgi-lts.tar.gz 

基本测试

Create a file called test.py:

# test.py

def application(env, start_response):

  start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])

  return [b"Hello World"] # python3

  #return ["Hello World"] # python2 

运行

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py 

用uwsgi 启动django

uwsgi --http :8000 --module mysite.wsgi 

可以把参数写到配置文件里

alex@alex-ubuntu:~/uwsgi-test$ more crazye-uwsgi.ini 

[uwsgi]

http = :9000

#the local unix socket file than commnuincate to Nginx

socket = 127.0.0.1:8001

# the base directory (full path)

chdir = /home/alex/CrazyEye 

# Django's wsgi file

wsgi-file = CrazyEye/wsgi.py

# maximum number of worker processes

processes = 4

#thread numbers startched in each worker process

threads = 2

#monitor uwsgi status 

stats = 127.0.0.1:9191

# clear environment on exit

vacuum     = true 

启动

/usr/local/bin/uwsgi crazye-uwsgi.ini 

Nginx安装使用

sudo apt-get install nginx

sudo /etc/init.d/nginx start  # start nginx 

为你的项目生成Nginx配置文件

You will need the uwsgi_params file, which is available in the nginx directory of the uWSGI distribution, or from https://github.com/nginx/nginx/blob/master/conf/uwsgi_params

Copy it into your project directory. In a moment we will tell nginx to refer to it.

Now create a file called mysite_nginx.conf, and put this in it:

# mysite_nginx.conf
# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
  # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
  server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)

}
# configuration of the server

server {

  # the port your site will be served on

  listen   8000;

  # the domain name it will serve for

  server_name .example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN

  charset   utf-8; 

  # max upload size
  client_max_body_size 75M;  # adjust to taste

  # Django media
  location /media {

    alias /path/to/your/mysite/media; # your Django project's media files - amend as required

  } 

  location /static {

    alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required

  }

  # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.

  location / {
    uwsgi_pass django;
    include   /path/to/your/mysite/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed

  }
} 

This conf file tells nginx to serve up media and static files from the filesystem, as well as handle requests that require Django's intervention. For a large deployment it is considered good practice to let one server handle static/media files, and another handle Django applications, but for now, this will do just fine.

Symlink to this file from /etc/nginx/sites-enabled so nginx can see it:

sudo ln -s ~/path/to/your/mysite/mysite_nginx.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ 

Deploying static files

Before running nginx, you have to collect all Django static files in the static folder. First of all you have to edit mysite/settings.py adding:

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/") 

and then run

python manage.py collectstatic 

此时启动Nginx 和Uwsgi，你的django项目就可以实现高并发啦！

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